前言

本文针对于String类型相似的StringBuffer和 sertStringBuilder类的区别及StringBuffer和StringBuilder 类扩容，源码分析其中区别。

String、StringBuffer、StringBuilder三者异同

String

public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence

/**
 * A <tt>CharSequence</tt> is a readable sequence of <code>char</code> values. This
 * interface provides uniform, read-only access to many different kinds of
 * <code>char</code> sequences.
 * A <code>char</code> value represents a character in the <i>Basic
 * Multilingual Plane (BMP)</i> or a surrogate. Refer to <a
 * href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode Character Representation</a> for details.
 *
 * <p> This interface does not refine the general contracts of the {@link
 * java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object) equals} and {@link
 * java.lang.Object#hashCode() hashCode} methods.  The result of comparing two
 * objects that implement <tt>CharSequence</tt> is therefore, in general,
 * undefined.  Each object may be implemented by a different class, and there
 * is no guarantee that each class will be capable of testing its instances
 * for equality with those of the other.  It is therefore inappropriate to use
 * arbitrary <tt>CharSequence</tt> instances as elements in a set or as keys in
 * a map. </p>
 */
public interface CharSequence 

  String的值是不可变的，这就导致每次对String的操作都会生成新的String对象，不仅效率低下，而且浪费大量优先的内存空间。

特点

• String类是被final修饰的，是不能被继承的。
• String类底层使用数组结构。jdk9以前使用的是char[]，jdk9以后使用的是byte[]。
• String的对象一旦创建就不能修改，底层维护了一个字符串常量池，实现共享。

StringBuffer

public final class StringBuffer
    extends AbstractStringBuilder
    implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence

/**
 * A mutable sequence of characters.
 * <p>
 * Implements a modifiable string. At any point in time it contains some
 * particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the
 * sequence can be changed through certain method calls.
 */
abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence

/**
 * An object to which <tt>char</tt> sequences and values can be appended.  The
 * <tt>Appendable</tt> interface must be implemented by any class whose
 * instances are intended to receive formatted output from a {@link
 * java.util.Formatter}.
 *
 * <p> The characters to be appended should be valid Unicode characters as
 * described in <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode Character
 * Representation</a>.  Note that supplementary characters may be composed of
 * multiple 16-bit <tt>char</tt> values.
 * <p> Appendables are not necessarily safe for multithreaded access.  Thread
 * safety is the responsibility of classes that extend and implement this
 * interface.
 * <p> Since this interface may be implemented by existing classes
 * with different styles of error handling there is no guarantee that
 * errors will be propagated to the invoker.
 */
public interface Appendable

 StringBuffer是可变类，和线程安全的字符串操作类，任何对它指向的字符串的操作都不会产生新的对象。每个StringBuffer对象都有一定的缓冲区容量，当字符串大小没有超过容量时，不会分配新的容量，当字符串大小超过容量时，会自动增加容量。

特点

• 可变长
• 线程安全的
• 多线程操作
• 效率低

StringBuffer常用方法：

	public StringBuffer() {
        super(16);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and
     * the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param      capacity  the initial capacity.
     * @exception  NegativeArraySizeException  if the {@code capacity}
     *               argument is less than {@code 0}.
     */
    public StringBuffer(int capacity) {
        super(capacity);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer initialized to the contents of the
     * specified string. The initial capacity of the string buffer is
     * {@code 16} plus the length of the string argument.
     *
     * @param   str   the initial contents of the buffer.
     */
    public StringBuffer(String str) {
        super(str.length() + 16);
        append(str);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer that contains the same characters
     * as the specified {@code CharSequence}. The initial capacity of
     * the string buffer is {@code 16} plus the length of the
     * {@code CharSequence} argument.
     * <p>
     * If the length of the specified {@code CharSequence} is
     * less than or equal to zero, then an empty buffer of capacity
     * {@code 16} is returned.
     *
     * @param      seq   the sequence to copy.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public StringBuffer(CharSequence seq) {
        this(seq.length() + 16);
        append(seq);
    }

@Override
    public synchronized int length() {
        return count;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized int capacity() {
        return value.length;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
        super.ensureCapacity(minimumCapacity);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void trimToSize() {
        super.trimToSize();
    }

    /**
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     * @see        #length()
     */
    @Override
    public synchronized void setLength(int newLength) {
        toStringCache = null;
        super.setLength(newLength);
    }

    /**
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     * @see        #length()
     */
    @Override
    public synchronized char charAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        return value[index];
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized int codePointAt(int index) {
        return super.codePointAt(index);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized int codePointBefore(int index) {
        return super.codePointBefore(index);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        return super.codePointCount(beginIndex, endIndex);
    }

StringBuilder

public final class StringBuilder
    extends AbstractStringBuilder
    implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence

 StringBuilder是可变类，和线程不安全的字符串操作类，任何对它指向的字符串的操作都不会产生新的对象。每个StringBuilder对象都有一定的缓冲区容量，当字符串大小没有超过容量时，不会分配新的容量，当字符串大小超过容量时，会自动增加容量。

特点

• 可变长
• 线程不安全的
• 单线程操作
• 效率高

StringBuilder常用方法：

/**
     * Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
     * initial capacity of 16 characters.
     */
    public StringBuilder() {
        super(16);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
     * initial capacity specified by the {@code capacity} argument.
     *
     * @param      capacity  the initial capacity.
     * @throws     NegativeArraySizeException  if the {@code capacity}
     *               argument is less than {@code 0}.
     */
    public StringBuilder(int capacity) {
        super(capacity);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string builder initialized to the contents of the
     * specified string. The initial capacity of the string builder is
     * {@code 16} plus the length of the string argument.
     *
     * @param   str   the initial contents of the buffer.
     */
    public StringBuilder(String str) {
        super(str.length() + 16);
        append(str);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string builder that contains the same characters
     * as the specified {@code CharSequence}. The initial capacity of
     * the string builder is {@code 16} plus the length of the
     * {@code CharSequence} argument.
     *
     * @param      seq   the sequence to copy.
     */
    public StringBuilder(CharSequence seq) {
        this(seq.length() + 16);
        append(seq);
    }

@Override
    public StringBuilder append(Object obj) {
        return append(String.valueOf(obj));
    }

    /**
     * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public StringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
        super.delete(start, end);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public StringBuilder deleteCharAt(int index) {
        super.deleteCharAt(index);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public StringBuilder replace(int start, int end, String str) {
        super.replace(start, end, str);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public StringBuilder insert(int index, char[] str, int offset,
                                int len)
    {
        super.insert(index, str, offset, len);
        return this;
    }

    
    @Override
    public int indexOf(String str) {
        return super.indexOf(str);
    }

    @Override
    public StringBuilder reverse() {
        super.reverse();
        return this;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        // Create a copy, don't share the array
        return new String(value, 0, count);
    }

    /**
     * Save the state of the {@code StringBuilder} instance to a stream
     * (that is, serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData the number of characters currently stored in the string
     *             builder ({@code int}), followed by the characters in the
     *             string builder ({@code char[]}).   The length of the
     *             {@code char} array may be greater than the number of
     *             characters currently stored in the string builder, in which
     *             case extra characters are ignored.
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException {
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        s.writeInt(count);
        s.writeObject(value);
    }

    /**
     * readObject is called to restore the state of the StringBuffer from
     * a stream.
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        s.defaultReadObject();
        count = s.readInt();
        value = (char[]) s.readObject();
    }

StringBuffer和StringBuilder的初始容量及扩容

        StringBuffer和StringBuilder初始的空闲容量都是16，当调用append方法时调用的都是super.append即AbstractStringBuilder中方法，所以扩容机制相同。

StringBuffer类有StringBuffer(),StringBuffer(int capacity),StringBuffer(String str)三个改造方法。

        StringBuffer()的初始容量可以容纳16个字符，当该对象的实体存放的字符的长度大于16时，实体容量就自动增加。StringBuffer对象可以通过length()方法获取实体中存放的字符序列长度，通过capacity()方法来获取当前实体的实际容量。

    public StringBuilder() {
        super(16);
    }

        StringBuffer(int capacity)可以指定分配给该对象的实体的初始容量参数为参数size指定的字符个数。当该对象的实体存放的字符序列的长度大于size个字符时，实体的容量就自动的增加。以便存放所增加的字符。

    public StringBuilder(int capacity) {
        super(capacity);
    }

StringBuffer(String str)可以指定给对象的实体的初始容量为参数字符串s的长度额外再加16个字符。当该对象的实体存放的字符序列长度大于size个字符时，实体的容量自动的增加，以便存放所增加的字符。

    public StringBuilder(String str) {
        super(str.length() + 16);
        append(str);
    }

StringBuffer怎样扩容： StringBuffer通过append方法中的ensureCapacityInternal方法可以看出当追加后超出容量会触发扩容,通过newCapacity获得新容量。

    public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
        if (str == null)
            return appendNull();
        int len = str.length();
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0) {
            value = Arrays.copyOf(value,
                    newCapacity(minimumCapacity));
        }
    }

    private int newCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int newCapacity = (value.length << 1) + 2;
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0) {
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        }
        return (newCapacity <= 0 || MAX_ARRAY_SIZE - newCapacity < 0)
            ? hugeCapacity(minCapacity)
            : newCapacity;
    }

• 如果要操作少量的数据用 String；
• 多线程操作字符串缓冲区下操作大量数据 StringBuffer
• 单线程操作字符串缓冲区下操作大量数据 StringBuilder;
• StringBuffer和StringBuilder的区别就在于StringBuffer的操作使用synchronized关键字加了锁，是线程安全的。

总结：

1.由于StringBuilder和StringBuffer继承了AbstractStringBuilder ，所以StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 类的对象能够被多次的修改，并且不产生新的未使用对象；而String的值是不可变的，每次对String的操作都会生成新的String对象，这样不仅效率低下，而且大量浪费有限的内存空间。

2.每个StringBuffer、StringBuilder对象都有一定的缓冲区容量（==初始大小为16==），当字符串大小没有超过容量时，不会分配新的容量，当字符串大小超过容量时，会自动增加容量。

3.StringBuffer中的方法都有synchronized关键字修饰，而StringBuilder没有，所以StringBuffer线程安全，而StringBuilder线程不安全。